# koffskyfelsen.com


## Posts

- [koffsky Felsen](https://koffskyfelsen.com/koffsky-felsen/)
- [Hello world!](https://koffskyfelsen.com/hello-world/): Welcome to WordPress. This is your first post. Edit or delete it, then start writing!
- [DUI Laws And Penalties For Underage Drivers In CT](https://koffskyfelsen.com/dui-dwi-oui-underage/): According to data from the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles, teen deaths related to drunk driving have decreased in recent years, and tough teen driving laws dating to 2008 are cited as a major factor behind the decrease. Drivers under age 18 are subject to several restrictions when obtaining a driver\’s license in Connecticut, and the penalties for violating the rules start with an initial 48-hour license suspension and often include mandatory driver training classes. For teen drivers convicted of driving under the influence, even harsher penalties may be imposed. Connecticut\’s Underage DUI Penalties Teen drivers are subject to strict […]
- [One Strategy for Getting a Pardon](https://koffskyfelsen.com/one-strategy-for-getting-a-pardon/): CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION After you\’ve been convicted of a crime in Connecticut, you will be eligible eventually to apply for a pardon. For a misdemeanor, it\’s three years after the conviction, and for a felony, it\’s five years. Now, of course, remaining crime-free and having steady employment are important factors that the Board of Pardon and Paroles will consider any time you make an application for a pardon. But just as important, is building a track record to set yourself apart from other people. What can you do to show your good character? Begin thinking about volunteering […]
- [When Is It Time to Call a CT Pardons Attorney?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/time-call-ct-pardons-attorney/): A criminal conviction is a difficult thing to live with. Generally speaking, a criminal record is accessible to the general public, meaning that anyone with sufficient curiosity about your past can learn about an embarrassing or questionable chapter in your life if you have ever been convicted of a crime. Fortunately for people with criminal records, however, Connecticut law recognizes that there are circumstances under which a criminal record can be expunged and had created a process through which individual with criminal records can obtain these pardons. Obtaining a pardon clears your entire criminal record, making it inaccessible to most […]
- [Tougher Sentences for Fentanyl Won’t Help Curb Overdose Epidemic](https://koffskyfelsen.com/tougher-sentences-for-fentanyl-wont-curb-overdose-epidemic/): In a supposed attempt to curb the fentanyl problem in the U.S., Congress members proposed amendments to the Controlled Substances Act as it relates to fentanyl. In short, the bill aims to increase mandatory minimum prison sentences for possessing or selling smaller amounts of fentanyl. While Congress claims these harsher laws will curb fentanyl supply and demand, increased mandatory minimum sentences will likely not have the intended effects and will only cause a different set of problems. There is no doubt that the United States is experiencing an opioid epidemic, and an increasing number of overdoses involve fentanyl. While fentanyl […]
- [Drugs in Your Car When Stopped by the Police](https://koffskyfelsen.com/drugs-in-your-car-when-stopped-by-the-police/): CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION If you\’re stopped by the police and you\’re found to be in possession of narcotics or other illegal drugs, the police on the scene are going to begin an investigation and make a determination about the appropriate charge. First and foremost, you should not talk to the police if you\’ve been stopped and found with narcotics on your possession. Anything you say, as they say, can and will be used against you by the police. The evidence that the police will look at on the scene will be things like the quantity of drugs […]
- [What’s The Difference Between a Federal Target, Subject, and Witness?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/whats-the-difference-federal-target-subject-witness/): FEDERAL CRIMES ATTORNEY CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION A federal criminal investigation is a virtual danger zone for the unwary. Even if you believe you’ve done nothing improper, you should never assume that the government sees the situation the same way. And if you are worried that you did something wrong, it is unwise to think that you can finesse the situation or explain away the problem on your own. All individuals coming into the orbit of the federal prosecutor and grand jury fall into one of three categories: witness, subject or target. It is crucial to understand your […]
- [What to Look for in a Criminal Defense Lawyer](https://koffskyfelsen.com/what-to-look-for-criminal-defense-lawyer/): Above All Else, Look For Tenacity Not much else will strike as much fear in the heart of a person like the possibility of being convicted of a crime and the thoughts of facing prison time. If for whatever reason, you suspect you might need legal counsel—you probably do. Being suspected of or charged with a crime is a life-changing experience. You have nothing to gain by making the wrong choice in selecting a lawyer. When the time comes to engage the services of a lawyer, above all else look for tenacity. The dictionary defines tenacious as \”holding firmly, tough, […]
- [What to Do if There Is a Warrant for Your Arrest](https://koffskyfelsen.com/what-to-do-if-there-is-a-warrant-for-your-arrest/): Typically, people are arrested at the scene of the crime. These arrests are conducted without warrants and are permissible when the arresting officer has probable cause to believe that a crime was committed. For example, if they suspect drunk driving, officers may arrest someone they pull over if there is sufficient evidence to believe they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Similarly, if the police are called to the scene of a fistfight, they will likely arrest the people involved. In these cases, a judge reviews the arrest after the fact to determine whether probable cause actually existed. […]
- [What Is a Criminal Defense Attorney?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/what-is-criminal-defense-lawyer/): Someone Who Finds a Solution for Every Problem When life doesn’t go as planned and the immediate reality of the situation in no way matches the vision you imagined for yourself, take a breath and remember nothing is perfect. If you’ve been arrested and find yourself in an unfortunate circumstance keep in mind a criminal defense attorney has built a career around the premise of finding solutions. It is what they are trained to do. A criminal defense lawyer is a problem solver. A Defense Lawyer Is a Tenacious Advocate Advocacy is a vital part of a defense attorney’s skillset. […]
- [What Does a Criminal Defense Lawyer Do?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/what-does-criminal-defense-attorney-do/): A criminal defense lawyer protects you and ensures that your rights were not violated either before or after you have been arrested for any crime in Connecticut. A criminal defense lawyer will evaluate the charges against you, the evidence the prosecutor claims to have to support the charges and the potential penalties you face if you are found guilty of the charges. The lawyer will devise the best strategy to defend you from the charges and, if necessary, will negotiate a reasonable plea agreement for you. If you have been arrested, have a warrant out for your arrest, or are […]
- [Ways a Conviction Can Influence Employment in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/ways-conviction-can-influence-employment-connecticut/): When you think about the consequences of a criminal conviction, you may first think of fines, probation, or jail time. While these penalties are certainly serious, it’s also important to consider all of the other ways a conviction could potentially change your life. While these can vary depending on the type of charge and its severity, one common consequence of a criminal conviction is the loss of employment opportunities. Whether you are on a specific career path or just trying to pay the bills, a conviction—or even a charge—can make your professional life difficult in the following ways. Missing work […]
- [Types of Connecticut Pardons and Expungements](https://koffskyfelsen.com/types-connecticut-pardons-expungements/): If you’re reading this, you may be seeking to rid yourself or a loved one of a criminal record. It’s important to know that under Connecticut law, there are three different types of pardons available to you. If you are not granted the pardon you originally sought, you may apply and qualify for another type of pardon. The following is some information regarding the three types of pardons in Connecticut: Full pardon – A full pardon is often referred to as an \”expungement,\” and if granted, it will result in the complete erasure of your criminal record. The erasure will […]
- [The Difference Between Bribery, Extortion, and Quid Pro Quo](https://koffskyfelsen.com/the-difference-between-bribery-extortion-and-quid-pro-quo/): Two federal crimes that have garnered national attention lately are bribery and extortion. Many people wonder “what are the differences between bribery and extortion?” Consider these key differences and be sure to consult with an experienced attorney if you’re facing bribery or extortion charges yourself. Bribery Bribery is a white-collar crime. Per the Legal Information Institute of Cornell University Law School, bribery is the offering, soliciting, giving, or receiving of any item of value (i.e. money, gifts, meals, assets of value, etc.) for the purpose of influencing someone who holds a public or legal duty. The federal bribery statute, 18 […]
- [Should You Take a Plea Bargain in a Connecticut Criminal Case?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/take-plea-bargain-connecticut-criminal-case/): If you’ve been accused of a state criminal offense in Connecticut, you’ve probably considered whether you should accept a plea bargain arrangement instead of taking your case to trial. Because each case is unique, there is no easy way to answer this question without fully evaluating every aspect of your case. Additionally, an experienced criminal defense attorney can often negotiate a plea bargain with much more favorable terms than the deal you were offered when unrepresented by a lawyer. For these reasons, you should always consult with a lawyer before making the decision to accept any type of deal offered […]
- [Sexual Assault FAQs](https://koffskyfelsen.com/sexual-assault-faqs/): Q. What kind of evidence is required to prove a sexual assault? A. People often believe that physical evidence, like DNA or observable physical injuries, are required to prove a sexual assault, but this is not true. Many defendants have been convicted (sometimes wrongly) based upon the testimony of an alleged sexual assault victim and little else. The law does not require any specific type of evidence to convict someone of sexual assault. The law only requires that the evidence presented is relevant and reliable. Because a jury can find the testimony of an alleged victim alone to be sufficient […]
- [Sextortion and Pornography Crime Scams](https://koffskyfelsen.com/sextortion-and-pornography-crime-scams/): Connecticut Criminal Defense Lawyers Representing Clients in Sextortion and Pornography Crime Scams When you are on the computer or sending emails on your smartphone, it is easy to click on websites and links without even realizing what images and content you are accessing. Sometimes people unknowingly access websites that place unlawful material on their computers, and sometimes scammers hack email to gain unlawful access to sexual images you may have shared lawfully with a spouse or partner. In recent years, state and federal law enforcement officials have seen a rise in sextortion and pornography crime scams. In most of these […]
- [Your Rights during a Federal Fraud Investigation](https://koffskyfelsen.com/rights-federal-fraud-investigation/): A criminal fraud scheme that attracts the attention of federal authorities is often extensive, long-lasting, and may leave a significant amount of evidence in its wake. To gather enough evidence to have probable cause to make arrests, federal agents often engage in a thorough and lengthy investigation of potential suspects. Such an investigation may be conducted undercover, or agents may approach you directly with questions. If you\’re under investigation, contact an experienced federal criminal defense attorney to protect your rights. “Fraud” is used to describe a number of offenses under federal law that involve using deceit for wrongful financial gain. […]
- [Recent Changes in the Connecticut Criminal System](https://koffskyfelsen.com/recent-changes-connecticut-criminal-system/): Governor Dannel Malloy signed two bills into law in the summer of 2017 that make important changes to CT’s criminal justice system. Both changes favor defendants and may improve the pretrial justice process in our state. No Civil Forfeiture Without a Conviction Civil forfeiture laws allow law enforcement authorities to seize private property from arrestees and criminal defendants that they believe were involved in a crime. Such property often includes cash, electronics, and houses. In the past, that property could be retained even if the defendant was never convicted of the alleged offense. Gov. Malloy signed a bill making Connecticut […]
- [How to Protect Your Legal Rights after a DUI Stop in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/protect-legal-rights-dui-stop-connecticut/): Getting pulled over and accused of drunk driving can be a nerve-wracking experience. In all likelihood, if a Connecticut police officer believes you are under the influence of alcohol or drugs, you\’ll be arrested on the spot, your car will be towed, and you\’ll booked and held for several hours at least. In some cases, you may even need to post bail to get out of jail, which could cost you or your family several thousands of dollars. If you have found yourself on this page, it is likely that a DUI arrest is already behind you. At this point, […]
- [Probation and Parole Violations](https://koffskyfelsen.com/probation-and-parole-violations/): CONTACT ME NOW FOR A CONSULTATION Providing quality assistance to individuals on probation and parole in Connecticut Probation and parole are both forms of conditional freedom that may be suddenly taken away under certain circumstances. Whether you have been placed on probation in lieu of jail time or have been released from prison on parole, you run the risk of serious penalties if you are accused of violating the conditions of your supervision. The conditions of probation or parole will vary from case to case, as will the potential penalties for violations. Unlike criminal charges for stand-alone offenses, if you […]
- [Price Gouging in Connecticut During the Covid-19 Pandemic](https://koffskyfelsen.com/price-gouging-in-connecticut-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/): According to numerous reports in the media, the Covid-19 virus, aka the Coronavirus, has spawned price gouging by sellers of a variety of products in high demand and short supply. The Office of the Attorney General for the State of Connecticut has received hundreds of complaints about large price hikes for basic consumer products, and the Attorney General has vowed to take “aggressive action” to address the problem, which has also drawn the same response on the federal level. That said, certain fundamental questions arise about what is and what isn’t price gouging, what laws define and prohibit the practice, […]
- [Preparing Financially for Incarceration](https://koffskyfelsen.com/preparing-financially-for-incarceration/): When an individual is convicted of a crime, a jail or prison sentence is supposed to pay their debt to society. But those facing incarceration must prepare financially for what lies ahead in order to prevent emerging with financial scars that can last far longer than their time behind bars. Unless a person makes financial plans before incarceration, their financial assets can vanish and debts mount, hindering efforts to re-enter mainstream society when inmates are released from prison. A study released in September 2010 by the Pew Economic Policy Group[1], called Collateral Costs: Incarceration\’s Effect on Economic Mobility found that […]
- [Pleading Nolo Contendere to Protect Yourself in Civil Proceedings](https://koffskyfelsen.com/pleading-nolo-contendere-to-protect-yourself-in-civil-proceedings/): At the beginning of every criminal case, you will need to tell the court how you “plead.” You should never plead guilty to an offense without first discussing your options with an experienced criminal defense lawyer. You can change your plea from “not guilty” to “guilty” at a later date, often after your attorney reaches a favorable plea deal with a prosecutor. If you choose not to plead guilty, you can take your case to trial and force the prosecutors to prove the charges, if they can. Many people may not realize there is a third way you can plead […]
- [Pardon Applications in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/pardon-applications-connecticut/): Many individuals who have been convicted of a state criminal offense in Connecticut have obtained relief from the collateral consequences of a conviction by applying for a pardon. You can obtain a full pardon and erasure of your criminal record (also called an expungement), or you can be approved to have your information erased with certain conditions attached. The Board of Pardons can also decide to not grant your pardon but grant you a Certificate of Employability so you can obtain partial relief. There is no telling whether you will be successful in your efforts to have your criminal record […]
- [Overview of the Expungement Process](https://koffskyfelsen.com/overview-expungement-process/): The process of seeking an expungement in Connecticut can be a complicated one, with many different steps and requirements. However, if you successfully receive an expungement and have your criminal convictions erased from your record, going through the process can certainly be worthwhile. Even a slight error or misstep during the process can affect your chances of success, so it is always wise to seek the guidance and assistance of a Connecticut expungement attorney before you begin. Once you have waited the required amount of time—three years for misdemeanor convictions and five years for felony convictions—you can begin the process […]
- [Overdose Death Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/overdose-death-attorney/): With the opioid overdose epidemic at an all-time high, the public’s attention has been on those who lost their lives due to heroin and fentanyl. However, in recent months, law enforcement agencies have focused on other aspects of overdoses—specifically, where did the drugs come from and who sold them? Law enforcement is looking to get these dangerous drugs and the people who sell them off the streets. Opioid overdose deaths can spark criminal investigations that authorities hope will lead to drug charges against other individuals. Such investigations involve tracing the drugs that killed the person with the hope of identifying […]
- [It’s Never Too Early to Start Thinking About a Connecticut Expungement](https://koffskyfelsen.com/never-early-start-thinking-connecticut-expungement/): Being convicted of a crime is a serious matter that can have a lasting impact on your life. This is true for even relatively minor offenses, and the collateral professional or educational consequences of a conviction can far outlast any sentence imposed by the court. Fortunately, Connecticut law recognizes that people deserve second chances and allows people to obtain a pardon to clear their criminal records, a process often referred to as “expungement.” At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, we are committed to helping people move on with their lives after a criminal conviction and regularly work with individuals who are […]
- [Myth: Fingerprint Evidence Is Infallible](https://koffskyfelsen.com/myth-fingerprint-evidence-infallible/): Often, when police officers do not know who committed an alleged crime, they will search the scene for fingerprints to help identify a suspect. If a fingerprint matches one in the law enforcement database, police can use the match as probable cause to obtain a warrant and make an arrest. A prosecutor will likely rely heavily on the fingerprint evidence in the subsequent criminal case, and juries often take fingerprint evidence as proof beyond a reasonable doubt of a defendant’s guilt. The infallibility of fingerprint evidence is a myth, however, and this myth can result in a wrongful conviction if […]
- [Myth: DNA Evidence Is Infallible](https://koffskyfelsen.com/myth-dna-evidence-infallible/): We’ve all seen episodes of crime shows that feature investigators finding a hair at a murder scene and solving the crime with a DNA match. However, real life is far from a television script, and the truth is that DNA evidence does not always positively identify a suspect. Members of juries who are not familiar with the criminal justice process may believe that they know how crimes are solved from watching TV and movies. Therefore, juries may often feel completely convinced—beyond a reasonable doubt—about a defendant’s guilt when the prosecution presents DNA evidence. It is a defense attorney’s job to […]
- [More Steps Toward Bail Reform in the United States](https://koffskyfelsen.com/more-steps-toward-bail-reform-in-the-united-states/): We recently discussed changes to bond laws in Connecticut, which follow the bail reform trends sweeping across much of the country. A new law signed in California now leads the states in bail reform, as it will effectively eliminate all cash bail as of October 2019. Washington, D.C., currently has a cashless bail system, though no other states have taken this step yet. California’s governor, Jerry Brown, first expressed concern about the state’s cash bail system in 1979, when he noted in a speech that the system clearly favored the wealthy over the poor. Forty years later, Governor Brown signed […]
- [Money Laundering and Structuring Under Federal Law](https://koffskyfelsen.com/money-laundering-structuring-federal-law/): CONTACT ME NOW FOR A CONSULTATION In layman’s terms, money laundering is a process by which an individual or group tries to disguise the origin of “dirty money,” such as the proceeds of fraud, extortion or drug trafficking, so that it appears to come from a legitimate source. There are two federal criminal laws that specifically address money laundering. The first law (18 U.S.C. §1956 [1]) makes it a crime for any person to engage in a financial transaction with money that was obtained from criminal activity with the intent to try and promote the criminal activity or conceal it. […]
- [Marijuana-Related DUI Can Result in Double the Consequences for College Students](https://koffskyfelsen.com/marijuana-related-dui-can-result-double-consequences-college-students/): When most people think of driving under the influence, or “DUI,” they tend to think of the offense as it relates to . While it’s certainly true that most DUI arrests are alcohol-related, it’s important to understand that most state laws regarding DUI also criminalize driving under the influence of other drugs in addition to alcohol. For example, Connecticut’s DUI statute1 states that “A person commits the offense of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or any drug or both if such person operates a motor vehicle (1) while under the influence of intoxicating liquor […]
- [Levels of Review by the Connecticut Pardons Board](https://koffskyfelsen.com/levels-review-connecticut-pardons-board/): It is understandable why so many people want to apply for a pardon to erase their criminal records in Connecticut. Obtaining a pardon can help you escape past mistakes and move forward with increased employment, housing, and educational opportunities. However, not just anyone will be granted a pardon. Instead, there is a specific application process and each application is carefully reviewed by the Connecticut Board of Pardons and Parole. Not every applicant receives the same level of review and scrutiny though, and the following is more information about how the Board reviews pardon applications. Initial Review The initial stage of […]
- [How Stoned Can You Be to Legally Drive in Connecticut?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/how-stoned-can-you-be-to-legally-drive-in-connecticut/): With the recent opening of legal retail marijuana shops in neighboring Massachusetts, authorities report they are on watch for the impact on Connecticut residents, especially drivers. Whether people use marijuana in Massachusetts and then drive across state lines or transport marijuana from Massachusetts and use it in Connecticut, police officers can stop and arrest drivers suspected of being under the influence of the drugs. This often leads to the question: How stoned is too stoned to drive in Connecticut? Safety Limits for Driving After Marijuana The short answer is that it’s never a good idea to drive after using marijuana. […]
- [Fourth Amendment Violations in Drug Cases](https://koffskyfelsen.com/fourth-amendment-violations-drug-cases/): Illegally obtained evidence is a problem in many drug-related cases. With the ongoing rise of heroin, fentanyl, and other opioid possession and trafficking cases in Connecticut, it’s important to look at how illegally obtained evidence plays a role in these cases. When you are charged with a crime in Connecticut—or anywhere else in the United States—the prosecutor is required to present enough evidence to prove that you committed the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. However, prosecutors and law enforcement officers cannot simply take any evidence they want at any time and have it be admissible in court. Strict rules govern […]
- [Felony Defense Attorneys](https://koffskyfelsen.com/felony-defense-attorneys/): Accused of a Felony in CT? Contact Our Experienced Criminal Defense Attorneys Right Away Any criminal charge can be stressful, but a felony charge can be downright terrifying. These serious charges can significantly disrupt your life. If you don’t have the right defense, you can face unnecessarily harsh penalties or even wrongful convictions. At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our criminal defense lawyers understand the severity of felony offenses and the importance of aggressively fighting against these charges. Your first call after an arrest on suspicion of any felony should be to a lawyer with the skill and experience to protect […]
- [Federal Immigration-related Crimes on the Rise](https://koffskyfelsen.com/federal-immigration-related-crimes-rise/): When you think of federal crimes, you may think of drug offenses, human trafficking, terrorism, and similar offenses. However, a lesser-known offense has almost single-handedly accounted for a 200 percent rise in federal convictions in the past 25 years – illegal reentry into the United States. Many people think that people who are unlawfully present in the U.S. are simply deported back to their home countries. However, many of these immigrants are prosecuted in federal court and sentenced to a federal prison sentence. When someone is facing illegal reentry charges, too many people think that they should call an attorney […]
- [Federal Drug Conspiracy FAQs](https://koffskyfelsen.com/federal-drug-conspiracy-faq/): Q. What makes a drug crime a conspiracy? A. A conspiracy is simply an agreement between two or more people to commit a criminal act. The agreement does not have to be express, so long as the participants in the conspiracy knew generally that they were planning to commit illegal acts together. In drug cases, it means that the government believes that two or more people were working together to manufacture or sell illegal drugs. You don’t actually have to have sold or manufactured drugs yourself in order to be found guilty of a conspiracy. For instance, if you drove […]
- [Federal Conspiracy Defense Attorneys](https://koffskyfelsen.com/federal-conspiracy-defense-attorneys/): Defending Against Complicated Conspiracy Allegations in Federal Court Did you know that you don’t actually have to complete a criminal offense to face federal criminal charges? You may think that talking about the possibility of committing a crime or even making plans to commit a crime is harmless as long as you don’t ever go through with it. However, many people find themselves suddenly facing federal conspiracy charges when they didn’t realize they had any possible criminal culpability. At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our attorneys have extensive experience handling cases in federal criminal court—both as prosecutors and defense attorneys. We […]
- [Expunging a Past Marijuana Conviction in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/expunging-past-marijuana-conviction-connecticut/): While Connecticut has not yet joined the handful of states to legalize recreational marijuana use, the legislature did decriminalize possession of small amounts of marijuana in 2011. So, while possessing any amount of marijuana used to be a crime in Connecticut, possessing less than half an ounce is now a violation – similar to a traffic violation – with no possible jail time and a fine of $150 for a first offense. You may be wondering what that means for you if you have a marijuana conviction on your record. The good news is that Connecticut has an erasure law, […]
- [How a DUI Can Affect Your Job](https://koffskyfelsen.com/dui-can-affect-job/): When most people think of the consequences associated with a DUI, they tend to think about issues like fines, loss of driver’s license, an ignition interlock device, and jail time. While these are serious consequences, it is important to be aware that a DUI conviction also can have serious professional consequences. For these reasons, if you’ve been arrested on suspicion of drunk driving, it is essential that you protect your legal rights by retaining legal counsel as soon as you can. Employers Can Terminate Employees for Any Reason – Including Drunk Driving Connecticut is an at-will employment state. That means […]
- [Don’t Let Your Traffic Tickets Spiral out of Control!](https://koffskyfelsen.com/dont-let-traffic-tickets-spiral-control/): If you drive for great lengths of time, you may believe that traffic tickets are just an inevitable part of life. Many of us regularly do five or 10 miles an hour above the posted speed limit, roll at stop signs, or try to “beat” a yellow light to make it through an intersection. Unfortunately, these common minor indiscretions have the potential to result in surprisingly serious consequences—particularly when they’re not handled properly by an experienced lawyer. If you have been issued a traffic ticket, you should contact an attorney before taking any legal action that affects your rights. It […]
- [Domestic Violence Allegations in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/domestic-violence-allegations-connecticut/): Almost every couple or family has arguments and those arguments can get heated. But what happens if you are arrested because your significant other or a family member called the police and accused you of domestic violence? The legal process following an arrest can be complicated and foreign, even for people who have experience with the criminal justice system. You should know that the criminal defense lawyers at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC have the experience and commitment to help you. Domestic Violence Arrests Many domestic violence arrests come from a place of anger and confusion and not an actual violation […]
- [How Will a Domestic Violence Charge Affect My Gun Ownership Rights?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/domestic-violence-affect-gun-ownership/): Research has shown that the presence of a gun in a household where domestic violence exists significantly increases the risk of homicide in the home. A recent study revealed that out of all the murder cases involving female victims, 40 percent to 50 percent were killed by their husband, boyfriend, or ex. For male homicide victims, the percentage killed by their partners lies between 5 and 8 percent. Consequently, over the past several decades, many states have enacted aggressive laws restricting gun ownership rights in domestic violence situations. Connecticut has some of the strictest gun laws in the country. The […]
- [Doing Time in the Time of the Coronavirus Pandemic](https://koffskyfelsen.com/doing-time-in-the-time-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic/): Before the coronavirus pandemic, an increasing number of people were coming to the realization that prisons were over-crowded, that over-incarceration was itself a critical societal problem, and that the half-century “civil war on crime” was both ill-conceived and racially discriminatory. Too many people were doing too much time. Now, the global reach of Covid-19 and its exponentially more lethal reach in prisons has added vital urgency to the importance of addressing the overarching problem of over-incarceration. For a small minority of federal prisoners, “compassionate relief” offers an emergency exit from institutions already ablaze with the virus. Here in Connecticut, for […]
- [The Different Types of Domestic Violence](https://koffskyfelsen.com/different-types-of-domestic-violence/): You’ve likely heard the term domestic violence before and you understand that physical violence against a spouse is a form of it. However, domestic violence doesn’t always refer to physical acts, and it doesn’t always occur within a marital relationship. Many times, those who are committing domestic violence aren’t even aware that what they’re doing is against the law. For more information about the types of and how to protect yourself from domestic violence read on. What Is Domestic Violence? As explained by the State of Connecticut Judicial Branch, domestic violence — also known as family violence — is an […]
- [Defending Against Jailhouse \"Snitches\"](https://koffskyfelsen.com/defending-against-jailhouse-snitches/): If jailhouse informants come forward in your case, or the case of one of your relatives, don’t think that a conviction will be inevitable. Call (203) 327-1500 for representation by a law firm that fully understands how to challenge jailhouse snitch testimony and call into question the snitch’s reliability to the jury. Jailhouse Talk Can Turn Into Testimony People in jail spend a lot of time together. Whether they’re awaiting the resolution of a case or have received a jail sentence, chances are people behind bars will have numerous conversations with one another, often involving the crimes for which they […]
- [Understanding Allegations of Stalking or Cyberstalking in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/cyberstalking-connecticut-lawyer/): A stalking charge is not something to take lightly. Connecticut has tough laws designed to protect citizens from dangerous and aggressive behavior. This includes several laws prohibiting various degrees of stalking. If you have been accused of stalking someone, it is important to understand the severity of the charges and respond appropriately. In Connecticut, an individual can be charged with stalking if their willful and repeated behavior causes another person to be fearful for their personal well-being. The degree of the charges and possible penalties depend on the level of intent and the criminal history of the accused. Examples of […]
- [The Other Critical Person You Need If You’re Accused of a Crime](https://koffskyfelsen.com/critical-person-need-youre-accused-crime/): If you’re arrested or charged with a serious state or federal crime, the first step is to contact an experienced criminal defense lawyer as soon as possible. The next step is to confirm that your attorney is working with an experienced criminal investigator. Just as there’s a wide range of experience and skill among criminal defense lawyers, the same holds true for the investigators they may bring on board to help with your case. It’s not something you tend to think of in the midst of the stress of being accused of a crime, but a great criminal defense investigator can […]
- [The Critical Importance of Legal Counsel When Facing a Connecticut Sex Crime Case](https://koffskyfelsen.com/critical-importance-legal-counsel-facing-connecticut-sex-crime-case/): While any criminal allegation or conviction will affect your life, being accused of a sex crime can have particularly serious and long-lasting implications. You have to worry about potential penal consequences, such as a prison sentence, and many other ancillary, yet serious consequences that are not court-imposed. To minimize the penalties you face – or eliminate them altogether – it’s vital to have an experienced criminal defense attorney represent you throughout every stage of your case. A Lawyer Will Protect Your Rights, Even Before a Case is Filed In many situations, law-enforcement officers will want to question you to seek […]
- [Criminal Fraud Charges Pile up After the Holidays](https://koffskyfelsen.com/criminal-fraud-charges-pile-holidays/): As we start opening our January credit card statements and bank statements, some of us will have a double surprise. Not only will we see how much money we spent during the Holiday season, some of us will notice a far scarier situation: we’ve been the victim of fraud Each year, the FBI warns consumers about the increase in fraudulent scams during the holidays. Law enforcement officers in Connecticut are on careful watch for fraud crimes throughout the holiday season and ready to arrest anyone suspected of a fraud scheme. These cases can be complex, however, and wrongful allegations are […]
- [Sexual Assault Evidence Defense](https://koffskyfelsen.com/sexual-assault-evidence-defense/): CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION Any time a person is accused of a sexual assault the evidence often comes down in the form of the words of the accuser alone. There might be physical evidence in the case, but often that doesn\’t necessarily prove a sexual assault. Rather it may prove a consensual encounter, but it doesn\’t necessarily prove an assault. Some people believe that if it\’s just the word of the accuser that\’s not enough to sustain a conviction, but that\’s not necessarily true. Many times there are no witnesses to a sexual assault other than the person […]
- [Overdose Death Charges Defense](https://koffskyfelsen.com/overdose-death-charges-defense/): CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION Fentanyl has been in the news more and more lately, and the reason is it\’s been linked to several overdose deaths, hundreds across the country on a daily basis. Now Fentanyl is a very powerful opioid painkiller. It does have legitimate medical uses in small doses but more and more it\’s being used illegally. It\’s being cut into heroin or counterfeit pills like Oxycontin or Percocet. People are dying when they\’re using those pills. The police have taken notice and they are cracking down, and they\’re especially looking at anyone who might be associated […]
- [When NOT to talk to the Police](https://koffskyfelsen.com/not-talk-police/): CONTACT US NOW FOR A CONSULTATION In any encounter with the police, people often wonder, \”Should I speak with the police?\” Sometimes the circumstances will make it clear that it\’s okay. You might be the victim of a crime, or you might be simply a witness. You saw a small accident on the street, the police officer wants to interview you to find out what you saw. In other cases, it might not be so clear. You might be a subject or even a suspect in their investigation, and they might not make that clear to you. First, let\’s clear […]
- [Connecticut Violation of Probation Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-probation-lawyer/): VIOLATION OF PROBATION Representing Clients Accused of Violating the Terms of Probation Many people do not take alleged probation violations seriously. However, if a court finds you guilty of a violation, the consequences can cost you money and limit your freedom for months or even years. At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our attorneys provide qualified representation for people accused of violating probation. Do not wait to call our office if you have a pending case. Probation Conditions If you plead guilty to a criminal offense or a court convicts you, probation is a common sentencing alternative to imprisonment—especially for first-time […]
- [Connecticut Violations of Parole Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-parole-lawyer/): Defending Against Allegations of Parole Violations If a court sentences you to a prison term, you may be eligible for early release. Such a release, however, will come with many conditions that the court expects you to follow for a certain period of time. This process of conditional release is called parole, and any violation of your parole can result in serious consequences—including a return to prison. If you were accused of a parole violation, you need a highly experienced criminal defense law firm on your side. The legal team at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC can protect your rights and […]
- [Some Connecticut Misdemeanors Have Become Felonies](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-misdemeanors-become-felonies/): Over the past two decades, the Connecticut legislature has amended our state’s criminal laws to change numerous misdemeanor crimes into felony offenses. Legislators are constantly changing criminal laws to keep in line with what they believe to be the public opinion of their supporters. If certain politicians want to seem tough on crime, one simple step is to create harsher charges or penalties for defendants to face. Specifically, reports indicate that 49 different misdemeanors have been changed into felonies since 1995. These charges were escalated in two primary ways: An additional aggravating element was added that would escalate a misdemeanor […]
- [How a Connecticut Criminal Defense Lawyer May Be Able to Establish Reasonable Doubt](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-criminal-defense-lawyer-may-able-establish-reasonable-doubt/): In the American legal system, the prosecution must prove every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt in order to obtain a conviction. Reasonable doubt is the highest burden of proof available in the justice system, and requires that the finder of fact have no other reasonable explanation available to them other than the guilt of the accused. In many criminal trials where procedural or evidentiary defenses are unavailable, the defense attorney’s focus is casting doubt on the facts alleged by the prosecution. This may involve impeaching the credibility of witnesses, providing alternative explanations for certain conduct, or other […]
- [How to Avoid or Defend Criminal False Statement Charges](https://koffskyfelsen.com/avoid-defend-criminal-false-statement-charges/): Many federal criminal cases – especially those involving complex white collar crimes – begin with lengthy investigations by federal agents trying to gather a mountain of evidence before charges even issue. Although you may be tempted to tell investigators whatever necessary to deflect suspicion and avoid association with the crime, making false statements to agents of the federal government can result in additional criminal charges against you. Even if you are not the person under investigation and are only a witness, you can still be prosecuted for false statements to federal agents. 18 U.S.C. § 1001 makes it a crime […]
- [White Collar Conscious Avoidance](https://koffskyfelsen.com/white-collar-conscious-avoidance/): The legal doctrine of “conscious avoidance,” provides that a defendant who deliberately shields himself from clear evidence of critical facts is considered equally liable as one who has actual knowledge. The doctrine, also referred to as “willful blindness,” can be critical in complex white-collar criminal cases, where the defendant’s awareness of others’ wrongful conduct is commonly a central issue. The U.S. Supreme Court [1] addressed the conscious avoidance doctrine in 2011 in the case of Global-Tech Appliances Inc. v. SEB S.A., 131 S. Ct. 2060, 2063 (U.S. May 31, 2011), a civil patent litigation that presented the question of whether […]
- [Wire Fraud FAQs](https://koffskyfelsen.com/wire-fraud-faqs/): Q. What is wire fraud? A. Wire fraud generally refers to fraud or theft crimes that are committed using any type of electronic communication device. If someone uses television, radio, telephones, emails, social media apps, banking transactions, or the internet to defraud people of money or other things of value, then they can be charged with wire fraud. The term wire fraud most commonly refers to federal cases because the federal government has jurisdiction over nearly all types of electronic communications. Most people have likely experienced being the potential target of wire fraud via scam robo calls or emails that […]
- [How to Choose a Criminal Defense Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/choose-criminal-defense-lawyer/): If you think you need a criminal defense lawyer, you probably do. If you have been arrested and released or are in jail, you should have an attorney represent you to ensure that the police and/or court do not violate your rights. If the police have not arrested you, but someone accused you of a crime and threatened to call the police, you might want to speak with a criminal defense attorney—even before that person calls the police. Determine What Type of Criminal Defense Lawyer You Need Criminal cases may be state or federal. Federal sentencing guidelines are complicated and […]
- [Connecticut Self-Defense FAQ](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-self-defense-faq/): Even if you have had no contact with the criminal justice system or any legal training, it’s very likely that you’ve heard of the legal defense known as “self-defense.” Like many other issues in law, there is something intuitive about the doctrine of self-defense that most of us have understood since our days on the playground: if a bully attacks you physically, you’re not going to get in trouble if you respond with physical force to defend yourself. After all, you didn’t start the confrontation. In law, this principle applies when a defendant claims self-defense, but it’s not enough to get up and tell the judge […]
- [CT Law Allows More Convicted Individuals to Challenge Prior Forensic Evidence](https://koffskyfelsen.com/ct-law-allows-convicted-individuals-to-challenge-prior-forensic-evidence/): Forensic science is always evolving and now Connecticut law is evolving with it. A new law in our state authorizes convicted individuals to request a new trial based on newly discovered DNA or other forensic evidence at any time after a conviction. In the past, defendants only had three years during which they could request a new trial for this reason. The new law eliminates the time limit, acknowledging that discoveries that challenge prior forensic evidence fields and techniques can occur years after a trial. Circumstances Warranting a New Trial There are different ways that new evidence can lead to […]
- [Connecticut Opioid & Fentanyl Possession Defense](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-opioid-and-fentanyl-possession-charge-attorneys/): Helping People Accused of Opioid & Fentanyl Possession Crimes If you have been accused of the illegal possession or sale of fentanyl or other opioid drug, you should call an attorney as soon as you can. Representation by a criminal defense lawyer may help you avoid the most serious consequences that can be imposed by the court—and may even result in the complete dismissal of your case. At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, we understand how terrifying it can be to face accusations of violating state or federal drug laws. We provide aggressive, compassionate, and effective criminal defense representation to people […]
- [Connecticut Kidnapping Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-kidnapping-attorney/): Experienced Attorneys Defending Individuals Accused of Kidnapping in Connecticut At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our Connecticut kidnapping attorneys are committed to providing fully personalized, high-quality legal representation to our clients. We firmly believe that every person deserves their day in court. If you were charged with kidnapping, unlawful restraint, custodial interference, or any related offense, you need professional legal help. We are prepared to protect your legal rights. For a strictly confidential consultation with an experienced criminal defense attorney, please do not hesitate to contact us at our Connecticut law office by calling (203) 327-1500. Connecticut Law: Kidnapping Charges Kidnapping […]
- [Connecticut Indecent Exposure Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-indecent-exposure-attorney/): Experienced Attorneys Representing Individuals Charged With Indecent Exposure in Connecticut At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our Connecticut indecent exposure attorneys combine a strong work ethic, extensive experience, and a deep understanding of the law to defend and protect the rights of our clients. If you or your loved one was charged with indecent exposure or public indecency in Connecticut, you need a knowledgeable legal advocate on your side. To arrange a strictly private initial consultation, please call our Connecticut law office at (203) 327-1500 or contact us online. What is Indecent Exposure in Connecticut? Indecent exposure is defined as the […]
- [Connecticut Forgery Attorneys](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-forgery-attorneys/): Connecticut Forgery Defense Attorneys Forgery allegations can arise from many different scenarios and each forgery case is unique. Just because you’ve been charged with forgery does not mean that you’ll automatically be convicted and sentenced to serious penalties. In many cases, a highly experienced criminal defense lawyer can help to limit the consequences you face or have your case dismissed. Like any criminal charge, forgery is a serious matter and prosecutors will often seek the harshest penalties. With the right defense representation, however, you can obtain the most favorable result possible in your forgery case. The defense lawyers at Koffsky […]
- [Connecticut False Arrest FAQs](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-false-arrest-faqs/): Under our laws, police cannot simply stop and detain someone whenever they want. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of Connecticut protects against unreasonable search and seizure, which includes unlawful arrest. Unfortunately, many police officers ignore the requirements for a lawful arrest and arrest people in violation of their constitutional rights. This is called a “false arrest.” If you believe you have been falsely arrested, you should discuss what happened with an experienced criminal defense attorney as soon as possible. What Constitutes a False Arrest? To prevent unreasonable seizure, police must have […]
- [Connecticut Expungement FAQ](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-expungement-faq/): Have you found yourself unable to get a job because of a mistake you made years ago? Has your criminal record affected your personal life and self-esteem? Have you been turned down for an apartment or do you have higher insurance rates because you checked \”yes\” when asked whether you\’ve been convicted of a crime? If any of these scenarios sound familiar, you should discuss expungement with an attorney as soon as possible. Here are some answers to several of the most frequently asked questions about expungement: What Is Expungement? Expungement is the process through which a person\’s criminal record […]
- [Connecticut Domestic Violence Penalties](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-domestic-violence-penalties/): CONNECTICUT CRIMINAL DEFENSE Connecticut has several laws intended to protect domestic violence victims and hold offenders accountable. The penalties offenders face for domestic violence, legally referred to as family violence under Connecticut law, vary greatly depending on the particular circumstances surrounding the event that led to their charges. Regardless, those convicted of charges related to family violence face harsh penalties that can impact their lives long after the case against them is over. Whether you are still in jail, out on bail, or seeking legal counsel for a friend or family member, it’s in your best interest to hire an […]
- [Connecticut Attempted Murder Lawyer](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-attempted-murder-lawyer/): Experienced Attorneys Defending Individuals Charged With Attempted Murder in Connecticut At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, our Connecticut attempted murder lawyers provide proactive, zealous and effective legal representation to clients. On what could be the worst day of your life, you need an experienced attorney by your side. If you or your loved one was arrested for attempted murder in Connecticut, we are here to protect your legal rights. To arrange a fully confidential review of your case, please call our Connecticut office at (203) 327-1500. Understanding Criminal Attempt Charges in Connecticut Connecticut has specific laws in place to deal with […]
- [Cell Tower Location Data in Criminal Cases](https://koffskyfelsen.com/cell-tower-location-data-criminal-cases/): The ubiquity of cell phones has completely changed many aspects of the world—including criminal investigations. Law enforcement officers and investigators often closely examine the contents of a cell phone of a criminal suspect or defendant. Cell phones can reveal call and text history, social media messages, emails, photos and videos of recent activities, and more. Police and prosecutors also regularly claim that reviewing cell phone tower data can indicate where you were at a certain time and try to use this as evidence in criminal cases. When members of criminal juries hear that cell tower records place you in the […]
- [Changes to Connecticut Bond Laws](https://koffskyfelsen.com/changes-to-connecticut-bond-laws/): The issue of bond—also commonly known as bail—has been a hot topic for criminal justice reformers in the United States, and Connecticut is no different. Connecticut is one of many states that recently underwent an overhaul of the bond system, with a new law passed and taking effect last year in 2017. The previous bail system highly favored individuals who could afford to pay cash bonds, while many defendants remained behind bars because they didn’t have the money to pay, and not necessarily due to the severity of their charges or risks to the community. The new laws help to […]
- [Can the Police Pull Me Over for No Reason?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/can-police-pull-me-over-for-no-reason/): Many criminal cases begin with routine traffic stops. In many of those stops the police discover evidence of criminal activity. It is important to remember that the police cannot simply stop you whenever they feel like it. If an officer stops your vehicle without a legally valid reason, a lawyer can bring a motion to suppress to keep the evidence out of court. For this reason, anyone facing criminal charges after a traffic stop should talk to an attorney about their case immediately. Call us at (203) 327-1500 or send us an email to set up your consultation with Koffsky […]
- [Arrests Connected to Widespread Drug Overdoses in New Haven](https://koffskyfelsen.com/arrests-connected-to-widespread-drug-overdoses-in-new-haven/): Students were returning to school at Yale in August when more than 100 drug overdoses occurred in a nearby park, according to news reports. The overdoses stemmed from a batch of K2, a form of synthetic marijuana that many people spray on plant materials and smoke. Authorities later reported the K2 in question was laced with another illegal substance called fubinaca (ADB-FUBINACA). While, fortunately, police reported no overdose deaths, the Yale-New Haven Hospital treated dozens of people for overdose symptoms, and reports indicate that some people returned to the hospital for treatment four or five times. New Haven police reported […]
- [A Pandora\'s Box Of Privacy - Networked Home Assistants Like Alexa](https://koffskyfelsen.com/pandoras-box-privacy-brave-new-world-networked-home-assistants-like-alexa/): Your virtual home assistant can adjust your thermostat, give you reminders, answer your questions, and more – but can it provide evidence against you if you are accused of a crime? Or can that same evidence be used to show you are innocent of a crime? The newest frontier of electronic discovery in criminal cases involves intelligent home assistants providing information about a defendant that may be used to prove or disprove criminal allegations. There are several different devices on the market including Google Home, Apple HomePod, or Amazon Echo. Any of these are constantly storing and gathering information, which […]
- [An Overview of Crime in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/overview-crime-connecticut/): The criminal laws and justice system in Connecticut can be extremely complex and confusing. Every now and then, it’s important to take a broader look at how crime is treated in our state and the types of cases that are heard by state criminal courts. No matter what type of criminal case, however, it’s critical to be represented by a law firm that has extensive experience in the Connecticut criminal court system from the very start. Common Connecticut Crimes The penal code of Connecticut designates hundreds of acts that are unlawful. Of course, there are the most familiar offenses, such […]
- [A Brief Look at the Federal Sentencing Process](https://koffskyfelsen.com/brief-look-federal-sentencing-process/): If you plead guilty to a federal criminal offense, you will enter your plea at a hearing in front of the judge overseeing your case. The judge will ask you questions to determine whether your guilty plea is voluntary and knowingly entered, and will generally accept your plea. Your case then moves on to the next phase before it can be resolved: sentencing. The federal sentencing process can be quite different from sentencing in a state-level criminal case. There are additional requirements and procedures to follow, so it’s critical that you have an attorney on your side who can advocate […]
- [Armed Robbery Defense](https://koffskyfelsen.com/armed-robbery-defense/): Experienced criminal defense attorneys can defend against any type of criminal charge—even violent offenses such as armed robbery. Armed robbery occurs when someone uses intimidation, threats of using force, or actual force to take property from another person while armed with a deadly weapon. Note that the weapon doesn’t have to be a firearm, but can be a knife or any other dangerous instrument that can cause serious harm. An armed robbery conviction in Connecticut can mean a minimum of five years in prison, with the possibility of a longer sentence depending on the allegations against you. You need an […]
- [Admissibility of Evidence in a Criminal Case](https://koffskyfelsen.com/admissibility-evidence-criminal-case/): In order to convict a defendant of a crime, a prosecutor must present enough evidence to prove all of the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. A prosecutor can’t simply present anything they want to the jury, however, as there are rules that govern what types of evidence are admissible and what types are not. In order to keep evidence out, a defense attorney must be able to skillfully object to its admission in court, whether in a pretrial motion or in court during trial. Knowing when and how to object to inadmissible evidence is critical to successfully […]
- [How Do I Know if I Have a Restraining Order Against Me?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/restraining-order-look-up/): Typically, a judge will request that you appear in court if a protective or restraining order has been issued against you. But sometimes a court fails to serve you and you are unaware of a restraining order against you. Even if you weren’t formally notified that you have a restraining order against you, you might have a feeling that your partner, spouse, or other person will seek an order from the court. If so, avoid anyone who might have filed an order against you and seek legal counsel to learn about your rights and responsibilities under that order. A criminal […]
- [Can I Get My Connecticut Criminal Conviction Expunged?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/can-get-connecticut-criminal-conviction-expunged/): A criminal conviction does not have to define your life indefinitely. Many people finish their probation or jail sentences, pay their dues, and move on living their lives in an honest and lawful manner. However, having a criminal record can cause many challenges in your life, including with employment, education, or housing opportunities, and it is understandable that you are tired of a criminal case from long ago still having an impact on your life. You do not have to be defined by your past mistakes, and Connecticut law1 gives certain individuals the opportunity to clear their names by having […]
- [Assault in the 3rd Degree in CT [53 a 61] - Important Facts](https://koffskyfelsen.com/third-degree-assualt-in-ct/): What is Assault in the Third Degree in CT? The state of Connecticut has three different Assault statutes that are classified by degree. Assault in the First Degree is the most serious and is a Class B felony. Assault in the Second Degree is a Class C or D felony (depending on the subsection) and Assault in the Third Degree is a Class A misdemeanor. Assault in the 3rd Degree in CT is a crime and you face consequences that can affect you long after your criminal case has been resolved. If you have been charged with Assault in the Third […]
- [Charged with Domestic Violence in Connecticut?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/domestic-violence-arrested/): What you need to know about Domestic Violence Crime in Connecticut. In Connecticut, domestic violence cases are treated differently than other criminal matters. Allegations of domestic violence can dramatically affect your family, job and reputation. An arrest for a domestic violence offense may have serious implication on custody or divorce proceedings. Being charged with a domestic violence crime can result in a Protective Order being issued, and can affect your right to possess firearms, require you to stay away from your home, and may impact your ability to see your children. If you have been charged with any type of domestic […]
- [8 Things to Think About When Applying for a Pardon in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/pardons-8-things-to-think-about/): Here are a few more things to think about, that an attorney can help you with: Getting a Pardon Can Change Your Life. Having a criminal conviction on your record has many negative consequences; a criminal record may make it hard to find housing, apply for benefits, or obtain certain licenses or permits.  Many people often have difficulty obtaining employment because of their criminal record.  The state of Connecticut has a Pardons process, and you may be eligible to have your Connecticut criminal record erased. You Must Meet Certain Requirements Before you can Apply. In Connecticut, you are technically eligible […]
- [How can I improve my chances of being granted a Pardon in CT?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/pardon-improve-my-chances/): ​It\’s never too early to start thinking about the Pardons process! Although you have a criminal conviction, you can start making positive contributions to the community – by furthering your education, seeking and maintaining employment, getting mental and/or substance abuse treatment if needed, performing community service and/or other charitable works, and saving documentation confirming your efforts to be a contributing member of society. The Pardons application is comprehensive and care should be taken when preparing your application package. The Board needs to have a clear picture of each applicant\’s background and character. It is important that you are accurate and […]
- [How to apply for a pardon in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/how-to-apply-for-a-pardon-in-ct/): Once you determine that you are eligible for a Pardon, you can get your fingerprints taken at your local police department and begin the process of requesting police reports, criminal history records, and obtaining character letters from family and friends.  It is important to keep track of and gather any credentials, degrees, certifications, awards, etc. that demonstrate your rehabilitation, contributions to the community, employment and education attained since your conviction. ​How much does a Pardon cost? It varies.  We work closely with our clients to give them the best opportunity to get a Pardon.  Should your initial application be denied, […]
- [How ​can I clean my criminal record?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/clean-my-criminal-record/): ​We have often received calls from people who are under the impression that their misdemeanor or felony record will be cleared or somehow go away after a certain period of time.  We have had several clients tell us that they thought that after seven years, a conviction would no longer appear on their criminal record.  Unfortunately, criminal records have no expiration date—if you have a conviction in Connecticut, it will stay on your record forever. Many people think that their criminal record has been “erased” because they have undergone a background check and the conviction failed to come up during […]
- [All About Assault in the 2nd Degree in Connecticut [53a 60]](https://koffskyfelsen.com/2nd-degree-assualt-in-ct/): The state of Connecticut has three different Assault statutes, classified by degree. Assault in the First Degree is the most serious and is a Class B felony. Second Degree Assault is a Class C felony or Class D felony in CT, depending on which subsection applies, and Assault in the Third Degree is an A misdemeanor. What is Assault in the Second Degree? Second Degree Assault in Connecticut is a serious crime. If you have been charged with Assault, hire an experienced attorney who knows the law and can defend and advocate for you.  Attorneys Audrey Felsen and Bruce Koffsky […]
- [Domestic Violence Protocol in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/domestic-violence-protocol-in-connecticut/): History behind Connecticut’s Family, or Domestic, Violence Laws Prior to 1983, police who were called to respond to domestic incidents often acted as peacekeepers and deescalated volatile situations. When responding to domestic incidents, police did not always arrest the individual, or individuals, involved in a family, or domestic, dispute. The role of the police in domestic violence situations changed in 1983, after a woman named Tracey Thurman from Torrington, Connecticut, was stabbed multiple times by her estranged husband. Prior to her attack, Ms. Thurman had repeatedly reported her husband’s threatening behavior to the police and requested protection. Most of her […]
- [Assault in the First Degree in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/first-degree-assualt-in-ct/): The state of Connecticut has three different Assault statutes, classified by degree. Assault in the First Degree is the most serious, and is a Class B felony. Assault in the Second Degree is a Class D felony and Assault in the Third Degree is an A misdemeanor. Can I be charged with Assault in the First Degree? Pursuant to Connecticut General Statutes § 53a-59, you can be charged with Assault in the First Degree for any of the following conduct: With intent to cause serious physical injury to another person, you cause such injury to that person or another with […]
- [What do I do if I am Charged with Reckless Driving in Connecticut?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/charged-with-reckless-driving-in-connecticut/): Reckless Driving is a crime in the state of Connecticut and can affect both your criminal and  motor vehicle record. If you have been charged with Reckless Driving in Connecticut, it is important to know what these charges mean and how to resolve your case in a way that does not have any long-term consequences. What is Reckless Driving? Under Connecticut General Statutes § 14-222, a person is considered to be driving recklessly when he or she is driving in such a manner that demonstrates he or she is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and justifiable risk that […]
- [What To Do If You Are Charged With Risk Of Injury To A Minor](https://koffskyfelsen.com/risk-of-injury-to-a-minor/): Risk of Injury to a Minor is a felony in Connecticut, and covers a wide range of criminal conduct. If you have been charged with Risk of Injury to a Minor, it is important to immediately understand how your criminal case will proceed in the Superior Court and what to expect when contacted by the Department of Children and Families (DCF). Koffsky and Felsen are the leading experts in the field in Connecticut – give us a call at 203-327-1500 to discuss your case. What is Risk of Injury to a Minor? Under Connecticut General Statutes, the following acts constitute […]
- [What to do if you get served with a Grand Jury Subpoena](https://koffskyfelsen.com/what-to-do-grand-jury-subpoena/): Do I need an attorney if I am served with a Grand Jury Subpoena? You may not need an attorney for every type of legal case, but when served with a Grand Jury Subpoena, you absolutely do. If you get served with a grand jury subpoena and must provide documents and/or testify, it is crucial to have an experienced attorney by your side. Your lawyer will ensure you understand each step of the process and that you do not incriminate yourself. An experienced federal criminal defense attorney understands how law enforcement and government officials proceed during an investigation and will […]
- [Do I need a Lawyer to get a Restraining Order?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/lawyer-to-get-a-restraining-order/): Many people who apply for a Restraining Order work with an attorney who is familiar with the Restraining Order Application and hearing process. An experienced attorney can ensure that you are aware of your options, whether a Restraining Order can be filed against a certain individual and what conditions can be imposed on the person from whom you are seeking protection. Although the Court has victims\’ advocates and does not require you to be represented by counsel when filling out or filing an application for a Restraining Order, it is helpful to consult with counsel to ensure that your Restraining […]
- [Hiring a Lawyer to Fight a Restraining Order](https://koffskyfelsen.com/ct-restraining-order-attorney/): If you have been served with a Restraining Order, it means someone is seeking a Court Order that you not assault, threaten, abuse, harass, follow or stalk them. If the judge grants the applicant’s request for a Restraining Order, the Court can prohibit you from contacting the applicant in any way.  This can affect your ability to live in your home, see your children and/or possess firearms. If you are served with a Restraining Order, you will have to go to court and participate in a hearing about whether a permanent Restraining Order is granted. If you are served with […]
- [Served With a Criminal Protective Order?](https://koffskyfelsen.com/served-with-a-criminal-protective-order/): If you are charged with a crime and the Court determines that you are a danger or potential danger to the complainant, the Court may issue a Protective Order. Protective Orders are commonly issued in family, or domestic violence, cases and can last until your criminal case is resolved. A Criminal Protective Order is an Order of the Court that prohibits you from contacting, threatening, harassing, and/or entering the residence of the protected party or parties. It can also extend to your children. Criminal Protective Orders are usually issued at your first court date. If you have already been to Court and […]

## Pages

- [PARDONS](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-7/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Pardons/Expungement If you have a conviction on your record for a misdemeanor or a felony in Connecticut, you might be eligible for an absolute (full) pardon, provided certain criteria are met. The criteria, according to the Connecticut Board of Pardons & Paroles, includes:  You must not be on parole, probation or another form of supervised release. If you seek a pardon for a misdemeanor conviction, at least three years must have elapsed from the date of your conviction. If you seek to erase a felony conviction, at least five years must have […]
- [JUVENILE OFFENSES](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-6/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Fairfield Juvenile Criminal Defense Attorney An Opportunity for a Second Chance Children and adolescents, just like adults, make mistakes. Children and adolescents are at a unique and critical stage in their lives. As they are maturing and their brain is still developing, they sometimes engage in impulsive and risk-taking behavior. Often, children experiment with drugs and/or alcohol and succumb to peer pressure. The good news for parents who have a son or daughter facing juvenile charges is the law is on your side. Connecticut’s Juvenile Criminal Justice system is focused on rehabilitation, […]
- [INDEPENDENT LEGAL INVESTIGATIONS](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-5/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients When deciding to conduct an independent investigation, you should consult with an experienced, impartial and professional investigator. At Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, we collaborate closely with our clients to ensure we clearly understand your needs and concerns and define the nature and scope of the investigation. We create a comprehensive plan and schedule with that enables our attorneys to conduct an investigation in a timely and thorough manner. The partners at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC have experience balancing requests for confidentiality against the need for transparency in our findings. Attorneys Bruce Koffsky […]
- [SCHOOL DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-4/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients College and University Disciplinary Proceedings: How an Attorney Can Help When college or university students get charged with a crime or accused of violating the school’s code of conduct or are accused of sexual assault or sexual misconduct under Title IX, they may face disciplinary sanctions. The consequences of disciplinary proceedings can be severe, including suspension, expulsion, or a permanent disciplinary notation on a student’s academic record. Attorneys Audrey Felsen and Bruce Koffsky understand the high stakes involved. Our attorneys work closely with students and their families to provide legal advice and […]
- [VICTIM REPRESENTATION](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-3/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients We Represent Victims. If you are the victim of a crime, you have rights at every stage of the criminal justice process. At the law office of Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, we make sure you know and understand how to exercise those rights and will help you through every stage of the proceedings, whether you are meeting with law enforcement, DCF, prosecutors or family service representatives, or want to address the Court regarding your position. The partners at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC have over 50 years of combined experience representing victims in […]
- [Weapons Offenses](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy-2/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Weapons Charge Defense Attorneys in Fairfield Law enforcement treat weapons-related offenses very seriously. Whether you are charged with Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon or if you are charged with Possession of a Gun Without a Permit, you need an attorney by your side with experience handling these types of cases. Firearms laws vary from state to state. If you were charged with a weapons offense in New York or Connecticut, an attorney from the law office of Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, can help you. With more than 35 years of […]
- [Sex and Sexual Assault Crimes](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Devastating ChargesIn a sex crime or violent crime case, the accusations alone can be devastating for the accused, regardless of the outcome. Publication of the accusations, just the allegation of a charge, carries significant stigma and could lead to long-term negative consequences. The actual consequences of a criminal conviction are also severe. You need an outstanding criminal defense attorney with experience handling sexual assault charges to help you avoid these consequences.Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, has the experience and skill to fight for your criminal defense. With more than 35 combined years of […]
- [Motor Vehicle Offenses](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-copy-copy-copy-2/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Fairfield Attorneys Experienced in Dealing with a Variety of Vehicle Offenses From simple speeding tickets to evading charges, motor vehicle offenses can negatively impact your life. If you are charged with a motor vehicle offense, you should work with a knowledgeable and experienced lawyer to help you minimize any potential negative consequences. At the law firm of Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, we represent clients charged with motor vehicle offenses in Connecticut and New York. With more than 35 combined years of experience in criminal defense, our attorneys fight for the best outcome for […]
- [Drug Crimes in Connecticut](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-copy-2-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Drug Crime Defense Attorneys in Fairfield, CT Protecting Your Legal Rights The penalties are harsh for drug crime convictions. Even something as simple as marijuana possession can carry severe consequences. Convictions for selling or trafficking drugs can be even harsher. When you work with the Connecticut and New York law firm of Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, you have skilled and effective attorneys working to give you the best defense and get you the best result possible. We have the experience and skill to give you the best defense possible. With more than 35 […]
- [Connecticut Domestic Violence Defense](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-copy-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Experienced Connecticut Domestic Violence Defense Attorneys Read How The COVID-19 Pandemic is Affecting Domestic Violence Cases and Protective Orders In Connecticut, domestic violence cases are treated differently than other criminal matters. Allegations of domestic violence can dramatically affect you and your family. Even just an arrest for a family violence offense can impact your employment and damage your reputation. An arrest for a domestic violence offense may have serious implications on custody or divorce proceedings. If you are charged with a domestic violence crime the Court can issue a Protective Order, requiring […]
- [Asset Forfeiture](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-2/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Asset Forfeiture Attorneys in the District of Connecticut and the Southern District of New York The government can seize or freeze your assets and start forfeiture proceedings if it believes you acquired them through illegal activity. The government can also seize your property if it can prove it was an “instrumentality of a crime,” for example, using a car to facilitate a narcotics transaction. You can contest these proceedings, and in some cases get your property back. Even if the government has seized your property, it must satisfy certain criteria to gain […]
- [STATE CRIMINAL LAW](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Fairfield County Criminal Defense Lawyer When facing criminal charges, you need tenacious legal representation. Our Fairfield, Connecticut, criminal defense firm can help. The attorneys at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, have more than 40 years of combined experience working with our clients to achieve the best disposition possible in every case we handle. We have the skill, knowledge and capability that come from years of experience. Contact us online or call 203-​327-1500 to schedule a free consultation with a lawyer at our firm.  Drunk Driving Charges There are two aspects to every drunk driving case: the criminal […]
- [Financial Fraud](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Fairfield White Collar Crime Attorneys Experienced and Aggressive Defense Against Financial Crime, Theft, and Fraud Charges​ White collar criminal offenses are very serious and can result in jail time, fines, restitution and a permanent criminal record. If an employee is accused of committing fraud against an employer, it may prevent him or her from gaining any type of employment in the future. In fact, a fraud conviction may affect many aspects of your life like your ability to get insurance, obtain a loan and receive benefits. Employers, landlords and other organizations may […]
- [Federal Drug Crimes](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Federal Drug Crime Attorneys in Fairfield, CT ​​​​Fairfield County Lawyers Who Handle Federal Drug Conspiracy Charges If you have been charged with a federal offense, the stakes are extremely high, especially if you face a statutory mandatory minimum penalty. This is especially the case with federal drug crime charges. The laws regarding federal crimes are constantly changing. We are completely familiar with the federal criminal system and the federal sentencing guidelines and can handle your case in this very nuanced area of the law. At the law office of Koffsky & Felsen, LLC, in Fairfield, […]
- [Connecticut Identity Theft Defense Attorney](https://koffskyfelsen.com/connecticut-identity-theft-defense-attorney/): KOFFSKY & FELSEN, LLC Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Helping Connecticut Residents Accused of Identity Theft Connecticut statutes define identity theft as someone who knowingly uses information that personally identifies someone else to get or attempt to get items of financial value including credit, medical information, services, goods, money, and property. That identifying information may include something as simple as the other person’s phone number or address. Of course, the common items people think of in conjunction with identity theft include licenses, identification cards, Social Security cards, and credit cards. If you are accused of or arrested […]
- [Larceny and Theft](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-copy-2/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Theft Defense Attorney in Fairfield Aggressive Defense for Larceny/Theft Crimes When you are charged with a crime involving theft/larceny or financial fraud, you need an experienced and committed criminal defense lawyer on your side. The consequences of a conviction could be severe, including probation or even incarceration. Many people face collateral consequences if convicted of a serious crime, such as deportation, loss of federal benefits or the right to possess a firearm. We are familiar with these issues and know how to protect your individual interests. The attorneys at Koffsky & Felsen, LLC collaborate […]
- [Grand Jury Subpoenas](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-copy/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Federal Witness Representation Attorneys Protecting the rights of witnesses throughout the federal criminal process Though, as a witness, you are not necessarily under suspicion in federal criminal proceedings, it is highly important that you have qualified legal representation throughout every stage of a federal criminal case, from investigation to trial. Our team of Connecticut defense attorneys understand the importance of proficient witness representation, so please call Koffsky & Felsen, LLC at 203-327-1500 as soon as possible for assistance. Witnesses deserve legal protection in many stages of a case Federal investigations If federal […]
- [Bribery Defense Attorneys](https://koffskyfelsen.com/bribery-defense-attorneys/): KOFFSKY & FELSEN, LLC Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Bribery Defense Attorneys Defending Clients Against Serious Criminal Allegations of Bribery Some people may try to use their wealth to get ahead, while others may face wrongful accusations of doing so. Bribery is the act of offering or providing compensation to another party to persuade them to act in a certain way. Charges can arise from different situations. Bribery can involve public officials, bank officers, and other private citizens who have a fiduciary duty. Depending on the circumstances, bribery can constitute a federal criminal offense. The details of […]
- [Audrey A. Felsen](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-3/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Audrey A. Felsen, Esq. Attorney Felsen has been practicing criminal and personal injury law since 1999 and is admitted to practice in the following state and federal courts: State of Connecticut; United States District Court, Connecticut; Second Circuit Court of Appeals; Southern District of New York. Ms. Felsen handles all stages of criminal and juvenile proceedings from investigation through resolution and post-resolution proceedings, including erasure of records and Pardons. Ms. Felsen is an experienced attorney in both state and federal criminal practice in all matters including complex financial fraud cases, multi-defendant drug conspiracies, […]
- [Bruce D. Koffsky](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy-copy-2/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Bruce D. Koffsky, Esq. Our attorneys bring exceptional skill and knowledge to each case. With our combined years of experience, we offer aggressive, diligent criminal defense and personal injury representation. From our Fairfield law firm office, we represent clients in Connecticut and New York in personal injury and criminal defense. Contact us for a free initial consultation. Bruce D. Koffsky, Esq. Has over 25 years of experience practicing in the areas of criminal law and personal injury law. Attorney Koffsky was first admitted to practice in 1985 and is admitted to practice […]
- [Target Letters](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters/): Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Federal Witness Representation Attorneys Protecting the rights of witnesses throughout the federal criminal process Though, as a witness, you are not necessarily under suspicion in federal criminal proceedings, it is highly important that you have qualified legal representation throughout every stage of a federal criminal case, from investigation to trial. Our team of Connecticut defense attorneys understand the importance of proficient witness representation, so please call Koffsky & Felsen, LLC at 203-327-1500 as soon as possible for assistance. Witnesses deserve legal protection in many stages of a case Federal investigations If federal […]
- [Target Letters no](https://koffskyfelsen.com/target-letters-dont-use/): Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam. Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam. Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam.
- [FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAW](https://koffskyfelsen.com/federal-criminal-law/)
- [Attorneys master](https://koffskyfelsen.com/attorneys-rudy/): KOFFSKY & FELSEN, LLC Experienced, Effective Lawyers Totally Committed to our Clients Our attorneys bring exceptional skill and knowledge to each case. With our combined years of experience, we offer aggressive, diligent criminal defense and personal injury representation. From our Fairfield law firm office, we represent clients in Connecticut and New York in personal injury and criminal defense. Contact us for a free initial consultation. Bruce D. Koffsky, Esq. Has over 25 years of experience practicing in the areas of criminal law and personal injury law. Attorney Koffsky was first admitted to practice in 1985 and is admitted to practice […]
- [Customer Cabinet](https://koffskyfelsen.com/customer-cabinet-2/)
- [Contact](https://koffskyfelsen.com/contact/): Contact us Attorneys Bruce Koffsky and Audrey Felsen are dedicated, seasoned attorneys with a complete understanding of the state and federal criminal justice process Phone (fastest): 203-327-1500 audrey@koffskyfelsen.com bruce@koffskyfelsen.com Fairfield law office 1261 Post Road, Ste. 202B Fairfield, CT 06824 New York law office 777 Westchester Ave. Ste. 101 White Plains NY 10604 Google Map directions If you are facing criminal charges or if you have suffered a personal injury, do not wait to call us. The sooner you call us with your legal issue, the more we can do to help you. The lawyers at our Fairfield, Connecticut, law […]
- [Attorneys 2](https://koffskyfelsen.com/about-us/): Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam. Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam. Praesent sapien massa, convallis a pellentesque nec, egestas non nisi. Vestibulum ac diam sit amet quam.
- [Home](https://koffskyfelsen.com/): Representing Clients at Every Stage  Decades of experience handling federal and state investigations and criminal cases.  Attorneys Audrey Felsen and Bruce Koffsky have over sixty years of combined experience representing clients throughout Connecticut and New York, and the District of Connecticut and Southern District of New York. Bruce Koffsky is a former prosecutor, and we are familiar with every aspect of the criminal justice system.With an in-depth understanding of the federal criminal justice process, we aggressively and zealously defend our clients at every stage, whether responding to a subpoena, target letter or Indictment, negotiating a disposition, or preparing for trial. […]
- [Practice Areas](https://koffskyfelsen.com/practice-areas/): FAQs
- [Customer Cabinet](https://koffskyfelsen.com/customer-cabinet/)


[comment]: # (Generated by Hostinger Tools Plugin)